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Electronic circuits can contain both analogue and digital components. PWM, which stands for Pulse Width Modulation, facilitates the control of analogue devices using a digital signal. Many electrical designs use PWM for regulation, with PWM used as a way to reduce the average power that is delivered by an electrical signal by chopping it up into smaller parts. RS offer a range of PWM Controllers from a multitude of trusted brands, including ON Semiconductor, STMicroelectronics, Texas Instruments, and more.

### What do PWMs do?

Analogue signals can be on or off, or can even be put into a position half-way between the two, whereas a digital signal has just on or off positions. Both signals appear in electronic circuits and can often be required to work together. Inputs can be converted using a DAC (digital-to-analogue converter) or an ADC (analogue-to-digital converter). PWM is available to control the output of a device: for example, PWM can convert the digital output of a microcontroller (MCU) into an analogue signal to drive the next analogue component.

### Types of PWM devices:
- PWM Voltage Mode Controllers work by applying a control voltage (Vc) and a PWM ramp (Vramp) input.
- PWM Current Mode Controllers add a second loop feeding back to the inductor current to create the PWM ramp.
- PWM Switching Regulators feed the input voltage back through the PWM controller to keep the output voltage constant.

### What is a duty cycle?

PWM signals feature two main things: frequency and a duty cycle. Duty cycle is given as a percentage (%) and refers to the amount of time the signal is on. For example, if the duty cycle is 50%, the signal is on for 50% and off for 50% of the time period. Pulse width modulation uses a rectangular pulse wave.

### Where are PWM controllers used?
- Motors
- LED lighting
- Lamps
- Heaters/HVAC
- Electric vehicles
- Robotics
- Communication systems


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